The Pages 2k R code and Temperature Records by Latitude Band

By Andy May

The description of the Pages2k.R program is in the Appendix at the end of this post.

In my last post, I discussed the problems with the Pages 2k temperature reconstruction since 0 AD using the Vinther Greenland ice-core proxies (Vinther et al., 2009) as an example. However, many of you may want to inspect more of the Pages 2k proxies, so I am making my R code available for download and provide some documentation of critical parts of it in the appendix to this post. The R code and some of the data necessary can be downloaded here. To get the most out of the appendix and this post, I recommend downloading the code so you can view it as you read.

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Pages 2k Greenland Proxy Temperatures

By Andy May

I’m reviewing the Pages 2k temperature proxies one-by-one as I once reviewed Marcott’s proxies (May, 2018). There are 647 Pages 2k proxies, so this is a big job. This reconstruction is prominently displayed and used in the IPCC AR6 report (IPCC, 2021, pp. 211, 432) so it is worth the time to investigate it. Their proxies can be downloaded as one R data file (RData format) from here. This post will just cover six of the Greenland ice core proxies, but the full ensemble median Pages 2k global temperature reconstruction is shown in figure 1.

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The Climate Narrative is Collapsing

The climate house of cards is collapsing, as became clear last week at the IPCC meeting in Ethiopia. The climate narrative has never had any substance, and now that the flow of funding is being cut off, there will soon be nothing left, says Wim Röst, Chair of the Clintel Board.

Guest Post by Drs. Wim Röst

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What is the Best Human-Centric Climatic Baseline?

By Andy May

The IPCC references global mean temperature increases to the 1850-1900 mean (IPCC, 2021, Ch. 2&4), and radiative forcing increases to 1750 (IPCC, 2021, Ch 7), then uses the two numbers to help them model warming since the pre-industrial period. According to Pages 2K the world warmed 0.1 to 0.2°C (see figure 1) between 1750 and 1850-1990 (Pages2K, 2019). AR6 (p 150) estimates a change of 0.1°C (-0.1 to 0.3°C):

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Alleged Trump Lies


By Andy May

President Trump is no politician in the more general sense of the word. He isn’t careful about what he says and speaks his mind. His nature, in my opinion, is to tell the truth as he sees it and, in that sense, he is very honest, just not very diplomatic. So, again in my opinion, it is odd that the New York Times and much of the news media try to portray him as a liar, since that seems to be against his nature. Much of the public appears to share my view, since while the news media’s allegations have undoubtably hurt Trump’s approval rating and his standing with some of the public, they seem to have hurt themselves even more. As recently as the 1990s the news media were generally thought of as the arbiters of truth, but as shown in figure 1, public confidence in them as a group has fallen recently to historic lows. According to Gallup, in 2025, 70% of the public say they have little or no confidence in the news media.

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The 2020 Election, was it stolen?


By Andy May

Trump often claims that the 2020 election was stolen from him or it was improperly run. The news media responds to these claims by saying that there is no proof that the election was rigged or stolen. When pressed, some in the media will admit that fraud existed in the 2020 election, but that it was not enough to affect the election results. I’m not here to tell you who is right or wrong in this seemingly endless debate, just to present the facts as we know them.

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Possible Lawfare against Trump


By Andy May

From my perspective, the Democratic Party, the FBI, the Intelligence community, and the so-called deep state launched unprecedented legal attacks against Trump, his friends, supporters, and family after he won election in 2016. The attacks were supported by multiple news media organizations, although no evidence of news media/deep state coordination has been found. As I show in this post, all the attacks were arguably illegitimate, and this was so blatant and obvious that it damaged the reputations of the government and news media organizations that participated in them and arguably increased the public’s support of Donald Trump, helping him win in the 2024 elections.

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Deployable Energy’s new compact nuclear reactor

By Andy May

I first read about Deployable Energy on Joanne Nova’s website and was very interested in their innovative small modular nuclear reactor and how it worked. The reactor was produced under President Trump’s 2025 nuclear reactor plan. It was designed by Australian Bobby Gallagher and his team in Houston. It can produce one megawatt of power, at a cost of 15 cents per kilowatt hour, for five years before refueling is required. The entire reactor can fit on the bed of a Ford F150 pickup, as shown in the photo. More importantly, it can be manufactured in a factory, fits into one 20-foot shipping container, uses the existing conventional supply chain, and requires no exotic custom-made components.

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Comparing Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Non-Equilibrium Temperatures


By Andy May

This is part 3 of a series on defining temperature. In part one I covered various temperature definitions used and pointed out that “temperature,” unmodified is only a measurement of an emergent statistical property with little meaning beyond that. It is important in physics and daily life, but not a primitive well defined property like mass or energy. In part two I covered kinetic temperature, which is “what we measure with a thermometer” (Schroeder, 2000). In the original X discussion that spurred me to write these posts, some argued that the “real” definition of “temperature” was the thermodynamic equilibrium temperature. Of course this is not true. For nearly everyone on Earth, thermometers measure temperature.

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Kinetic Temperature


By Andy May

In my last post, “Defining Temperature,” we saw that temperature is a simple measurement that has little meaning without context. If one is referring to the equilibrium system state variable or “thermodynamic equilibrium temperature,” they should state that to provide clarity because there are many types of temperature measurements and they mean different things. Thermodynamic equilibrium temperature is defined in the previous post. There are many definitions of temperature, I will discuss the most common ones used in physics and everyday life in this post and perhaps in subsequent posts. The fundamental meaning of thermodynamic equilibrium temperature and the temperature measured with a thermometer are very different and they should not be confused.

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